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The ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' ((英語:List of Prohibited Books)) was a list of publications deemed heretical, anti-clerical or lascivious, and therefore banned by the Catholic Church.〔 The Church has earlier examples of forming a formal prohibition of works including the Muratorian Canon around 170 AD which set to establish what was acceptable to have in the New Testament and what was heretical. The 9th century also witnessed the creation of what is considered to be the first index called the ''Decretem Glasianum'' but was never officially authorized. Much later, a first version (the ''Pauline Index'') was promulgated by Pope Paul IV in 1559, which Paul F. Grendler believed marked "the turning-point for the freedom of enquiry in the Catholic world", and which lasted less than a year, being then replaced by what was called the ''Tridentine Index'' (because it was authorized at the Council of Trent), which relaxed aspects of the ''Pauline Index'' that had been criticized and had prevented its acceptance.〔(Grendler, Paul F. "Printing and censorship" in ''The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy'', Charles B. Schmitt, ed. (Cambridge University Press, 1988, ISBN 978-0-52139748-3) pp. 45-46 )〕 The 20th and final edition appeared in 1948, and the ''Index'' was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by Pope Paul VI.〔''The Church in the Modern Age'', (Volume 10) by Hubert Jedin, John Dolan, Gabriel Adriányi 1981 ISBN 082450013X, page 168〕〔(Cambridge University on Index. )〕〔(Encyclopaedia Britannica: ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' )〕 The aim of the list was to protect the faith and morals of the faithful by preventing the reading of heretical and immoral books. Books thought to contain such errors included works by astronomers such as Johannes Kepler's ''Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae'', which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, and by philosophers, like Immanuel Kant's ''Critique of Pure Reason''. The various editions of the ''Index'' also contained the rules of the Church relating to the reading, selling and pre-emptive censorship of books—editions and translations of the Bible that had not been approved by the Church could be banned.〔''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'', 1559, Regula Quarta ("Rule 4")〕 Catholic canon law still recommends that works concerning sacred Scripture, theology, canon law, church history, and any writings which specially concern religion or morals, be submitted to the judgment of the local ordinary.〔(Code of Canon Law, canon 827 §3 )〕 The local ordinary consults someone whom he considers competent to give a judgment and, if that person gives the ''nihil obstat'' ("nothing forbids") the local ordinary grants the ''imprimatur'' ("let it be printed").〔(Code of Canon Law, canon 830 )〕 Members of religious institutes require the ''imprimi potest'' (it can be printed) of their major superior to publish books on matters of religion or morals.〔(Code of Canon Law, canon 832 )〕 Some of the scientific theories in works that were on early editions of the Index have long been routinely taught at Catholic universities worldwide; for example in 1758 the general prohibition of books advocating heliocentrism from the ''Index'' was finally removed, but already in 1742 two Franciscan mathematicians had published an edition of Isaac Newton's ''Principia Mathematica'' (1687) with commentaries and a preface stating that the work assumed heliocentrism and could not be explained without it.〔John L.Heilbron, ''Censorship of Astronomy in Italy after Galileo'' (in McMullin, Ernan ed., ''The Church and Galileo'', University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 2005, p. 307, IN. ISBN 0-268-03483-4)〕 The burning at the stake of Giordano Bruno,〔Paula Findlen, ("A Hungry Mind: Giordano Bruno, Philosopher and Heretic" ), ''The Nation'', September 10, 2008. "Campo de' Fiori was festooned with flags bearing Masonic symbols. Fiery speeches were made by politicians, scholars and atheists about the importance of commemorating Bruno as one of the most original and oppressed freethinkers of his age." Accessed on 19 September 2008〕 whose entire works were placed on the Index in 1603,〔''Index of Prohibited Books'', Revised, Vatican Polyglot Press, 1930〕 was because of teaching the heresy of pantheism, not for heliocentrism or other scientific views.〔Paul Henry Michel. The Cosmology of Giordano Bruno. R.E.W. Maddison, translator. Cornell University Press 1962〕〔The () Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 3.: 1908.〕 Antonio Rosmini-Serbati, one of whose works was on the Index, was beatified in 2007.〔(Cardinal Saraiva calls new blessed Antonio Rosmini “giant of the culture” )〕 In 2002, a retired Roman Catholic bishop gave his personal approval to the writings of Maria Valtorta, which had been placed on the Index in 1960〔 (though never in a printed edition, since the last such edition was published in 1948) and which have still not been given official Church approval.〔Letter of Bishop Roman Danylak ()〕〔(Maria Valtorta, Her Life and Work )〕 The developments since the abolition of the ''Index'' signify "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century."〔Robert Wilson, 1997 ''Astronomy Through the Ages'' ISBN 0-7484-0748-0〕 A complete list of the authors and writings present in the successive editions of the ''Index'' is given in J. Martínez de Bujanda, ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966''.〔(Jesús Martínez de Bujanda, ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600-1966'' (v. 11 in series Index des livres interdits) (Droz, Geneva, 2002 ISBN 978-2-60000818-1) )〕 A list of the books that were on the ''Index'' can be found on the World Wide Web.〔(Searchable database of ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' ) at ''Beacon for Freedom of Expression''〕 ==Background and history== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Index Librorum Prohibitorum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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